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August 3, 2017 · 1:34 pm

49-48 B. C. Julius Caesar Elephant Silver Denarius Coin, Ancient Roman Republic

49-48 B. C. Julius Caesar Elephant Silver Denarius Coin, Ancient Roman Republic
49-48 B. C. Julius Caesar Elephant Silver Denarius Coin, Ancient Roman Republic

49-48 B. C. Julius Caesar Elephant Silver Denarius Coin, Ancient Roman Republic
Silver Denarius, Julius Caesar. 17mm diameter, 3.73g weight, silver. Moderate wear, dark toning, light porosity. Well-centered obverse and off-center reverse. Minted by Caesar to pay his legions. Shortly after crossing the Rubicon. Please note that a majority of the Julius Caesar. People will pay for obviously fake coins. This denarius is guaranteed authentic for life. And comes from Triskeles Auctions. No photoediting – all pictures are unedited. No cleaned or polished coins – all coins have original patina. No overmarketing – only a simple description of wear/luster. Guaranteed authentic for life. The item “49-48 B. C. Julius Caesar Elephant Silver Denarius Coin, Ancient Roman Republic” is in sale since Friday, July 21, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Republic (300 BC-27 BC)”. The seller is “originalskincoins” and is located in Seattle, Washington. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, Indonesia, Thailand, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia.
  • Provenance: Ex. Triskeles auctions
  • Denomination: Denarius
  • Composition: Silver
  • Era: Roman: Republic
  • Grade: Ungraded
  • Date: 49-48 B.C.

49-48 B. C. Julius Caesar Elephant Silver Denarius Coin, Ancient Roman Republic

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· 1:32 am

Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC

Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC
Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC

Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC
A fascinating, important and hugely desirable coin type. An ancient Roman silver denarius struck under Julius Caesar, at the military mint travelling with Caesar in 49 – 48 BC. The obverse with Elephant, walking right trampling on horned serpent. The reverse with the emblems of the pontificate (Roman high priest): simpulum, (ritual ladle) aspergillum, (water sprinkler) securis, (single bladed axe) and apex (spiked cap). In 49 BC Julius Caesar declared his intent to seize control of Rome by breaking Roman law and crossing the river Rubicon at the head of an army. The’elephant denari’ were the first coins minted under Julius Caesar and were likely struck to pay his army in the early months of their struggle. The obverse of the coins show Caesar’s own cognomen as the issuing authority, while the imagery symbolises good triumphing over evil. The reverse references Caesar’s position as Pontifex Maximus. An exceptional example of this famous coin type. Weight: 3.85 g. Diameter: 19.30 mm. British private collection, acquired around 20 years ago. Our parent company, ArtAncient Ltd. Are members of the Antiquities Dealer’s Association, LAPADA, CINOA and the BNTA. All objects we sell are authentic as described. We send all collectibles Registered, Signed-for and Insured. Please note that in most countries, antiques and collectibles are eligible for minimal/zero charges on importation. The item “Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC” is in sale since Tuesday, August 01, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)”. The seller is “artancientltd” and is located in London. This item can be shipped worldwide.
Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC

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July 9, 2017 · 9:06 pm

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 207AD AFRICA Elephant Lion Ancient Silver Roman Coin i52147

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 207AD AFRICA Elephant Lion Ancient Silver Roman Coin i52147
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 207AD AFRICA Elephant Lion Ancient Silver Roman Coin i52147

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 207AD AFRICA Elephant Lion Ancient Silver Roman Coin i52147
Item: i52147 Authentic Ancient Coin of. Septimius Severus – Roman Emperor : 193-211 A. Silver Denarius 19mm (3.02 grams) Rome mint: 207 A. Reference: RIC 207; Sear 6341; RSC 493. SEVERVS PIVS AVG, laureate head right P M TR P XV COS III P P, Africa wearing elephant-skin head-dress standing right, holding out folds of drapery containing fruits, lion at feet walking right. The Roman province of Africa Proconsularis was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly comprised the territory of present-day northern Tunisia , the northeast of modern-day Algeria , and the small Mediterranean Sea coast of modern-day western Libya along the Syrtis Minor. It was the richest province in the western part of the empire. The Arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province Ifriqiya , a rendering of Africa , from the Latin language. The Roman empire in the time of Hadrian (ruled 117138 AD), showing, in northern Africa, the senatorial province of Africa Proconsularis E. 1 legion deployed in 125. Northern Africa under Roman rule. Further information: History of Tunisia , History of Algeria , History of Africa , Numidia and Mauretania. The land acquired for the province of Africa was the site of the ancient city of Carthage. Other large cities in the region included Hadrumetum (modern Sousse , Tunisia), capital of Byzacena , Hippo Regius (modern Annaba , Algeria). The province was established by the Roman Republic in 146 BC, following the Third Punic War. Rome established its first African colony, Africa Proconsularis or Africa Vetus (Old Africa), governed by a proconsul , in the most fertile part of what was formerly Carthaginian territory. Utica was formed as the administrative capital. The remaining territory was left in the domain of the Numidian client king Massinissa. At this time, the Roman policy in Africa was simply to prevent another great power from rising on the far side of Sicily. In 118 BC, the Numidian prince Jugurtha attempted to reunify the smaller kingdoms. However, upon his death, much of Jugurtha’s territory was placed in the control of the Mauretanian client king Bocchus ; and, by that time, the romanization of Africa was firmly rooted. In 27 BC, when the Republic had transformed into an Empire , the province of Africa began its Imperial occupation under Roman rule. Électrum tridrachme struck at Zeugitane in Carthage. Several political and provincial reforms were implemented by Augustus and later by Caligula , but Claudius finalized the territorial divisions into official Roman provinces. Africa was a senatorial province. After Diocletian’s administrative reforms, it was split into Africa Zeugitana (which retained the name Africa Proconsularis , as it was governed by a proconsul) in the north and Africa Byzacena in the south, both of which were part of the Dioecesis Africae. The region remained a part of the Roman Empire until the Germanic migrations of the 5th century. The Vandals crossed into North Africa from Spain in 429 and overran the area by 439 and founded their own kingdom, including Sicily , Corsica , Sardinia and the Balearics. The Vandals controlled the country as a warrior-elite, enforcing a policy of strict separation and suppressing the local Romano-African population. They also persecuted the Catholicism , as the Vandals were adherents of the Arianism (the semi-trinitarian doctrines of Arius, a priest of Egypt). In 476, when the Western Roman Empire , had finally fallen , it became a remnant of the Empire. Towards the end of the 5th century, the Vandal state fell into decline, abandoning most of the interior territories to the Mauri and other Berber tribes of the desert. In AD 533, Emperor Justinian , using a Vandal dynastic dispute as pretext, sent an army under the general Belisarius to recover Africa. In a short campaign , Belisarius defeated the Vandals, entered Carthage in triumph and reestablished Roman rule over the province. The restored Roman administration was successful in fending off the attacks of the Amazigh desert tribes, and by means of an extensive fortification network managed to extend its rule once again to the interior. The North African provinces, together with the Roman possessions in Spain, were grouped into the Exarchate of Africa by Emperor Maurice. The exarchate prospered, and from it resulted the overthrow of the emperor Phocas by Heraclius in 610. Heraclius briefly considered moving the imperial capital from Constantinople to Carthage. After 640, the exarchate managed to stave off the Muslim Conquest, but in 698, a Muslim army from Egypt sacked Carthage and conquered the exarchate, ending Roman and Christian rule in North Africa. The last provinces of the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist, 222 years after the fall of Rome and the last Western Roman emperor. EVOLUTION OF THE PROVINCE OF AFRICA. The amphitheatre of Thysdrus (modern El Djem). The African provinces were amongst the wealthiest regions in the Empire (rivaled only by Egypt, Syria and Italy itself) and as a consequence people from all over the Empire migrated into the Roman Africa Province, most importantly veterans in early retirement who settled in Africa on farming plots promised for their military service. Historian Theodore Mommsen estimated that under Hadrian nearly 1/3 of the eastern Numidia population (roughly modern Tunisia) was descended from Roman veterans. Even so, the Roman military presence of North Africa was relatively small, consisting of about 28,000 troops and auxiliaries in Numidia and the two Mauretanian provinces. Starting in the 2nd century AD, these garrisons were manned mostly by local inhabitants. A sizable Latin speaking population developed that was multinational in background, sharing the north African region with those speaking Punic and Berber languages. Imperial security forces began to be drawn from the local population, including the Berbers. Abun-Nasr, in his A History of the Maghrib , said that What made the Berbers accept the Roman way of life all the more readily was that the Romans, though a colonizing people who captured their lands by the might of their arms, did not display any racial exclusiveness and were remarkably tolerant of Berber religious cults , be they indigenous or borrowed from the Carthaginians. However, the Roman territory in Africa was unevenly penetrated by Roman culture. Pockets of non-Romanized Berbers continued to exist throughout the Roman period, even in such areas as eastern Tunisia and Numidia. By the end of the Western Roman Empire nearly all of the Maghreb was fully romanized , according to Mommsen in his The Provinces of the Roman Empire and the Roman Africans enjoyed a high level of prosperity. This prosperity (and romanization) touched partially even the populations living outside the Roman limes (mainly the Garamantes and the Getuli), who were reached with Roman expeditions to Sub-Saharan Africa. The willing acceptance of Roman citizenship by members of the ruling class in African cities produced such Roman Africans as the comic poet Terence, the rhetorician Fronto of Cirta, the jurist Salvius Julianus of Hadrumetum, the novelis Apuleius of Madauros, the emperor Septimius Severus of Lepcis Magna, the Christians Tertullian and Cyprian of Carthage, and Arnobius of Sicca and his pupil Lactantius; the angelic doctor Augustine of Thagaste, the epigrammatist Luxorius of Vandal Carthage, and perhaps the biographer Suetonius, and the poet Dracontius. Paul MacKendrick , The North African Stones Speak (1969) , UNC Press, 2000, p. A Roman coin celebrating the province of Africa , struck in AD 136 under the Emperor Hadrian. The personification of Africa is shown wearing an elephant headdress. The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the “granary of the empire”, North Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year. One-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the 2nd century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery such as African Red Slip , and wool. The incorporation of colonial cities into the Roman Empire brought an unparalleled degree of urbanization to vast areas of territory, particularly in North Africa. This level of rapid urbanization had a structural impact on the town economy, and artisan production in Roman cities became closely tied to the agrarian spheres of production. As Rome’s population grew, so did her demand for North African produce. This flourishing trade allowed the North African provinces to increase artisan production in rapidly developing cities, making them highly organized urban centers. Many Roman cities shared both consumer and producer model city aspects, as artisanal activity was directly related to the economic role cities played in long-distance trade networks. The urban population became increasingly engaged in the craft and service sectors and less in agrarian employment, until a significant portion of the towns vitality came from the sale or trade of products through middlemen to markets in areas both rural and abroad. The changes that occurred in the infrastructure for agricultural processing, like olive oil and wine production, as trade continued to develop both cities and commerce directly influenced the volume of artisan production. The scale, quality, and demand for these products reached its acme in Roman North Africa. Main article: African Red Slip. African Red Slip flagons and vases, 2nd-4th centuries. A typical plain African Red Slip dish with simple rouletted decoration. The North African provinces spanned across regions rich with olive plantations and potters’ clay sources, which led to the early development of fine Ancient Roman pottery , especially African Red Slip terra sigillata tableware and clay oil lamp manufacture, as a crucial industry. Lamps provided the most common form of illumination in Rome. They were used for public and private lighting, as votive offerings in temples, lighting at festivals, and as grave goods. As the craft developed and increased in quality and craftsmanship, the North African creations began to rival their Italian and Grecian models and eventually surpassed them in merit and in demand. The innovative use of molds around the 1st century BC allowed for a much greater variety of shapes and decorative style, and the skill of the lamp maker was demonstrated by the quality of the decoration found typically on the flat top of the lamp, or discus, and the outer rim, or shoulder. The production process took several stages. The decorative motifs were created using small individual molds, and were then added as appliqué to a plain archetype of the lamp. The embellished lamp was then used to make two plaster half molds, one lower half and one upper half mold, and multiple copies were then able to be mass-produced. Decorative motifs ranged according to the lamp’s function and to popular taste. Ornate patterning of squares and circles were later added to the shoulder with a stylus, as well as palm trees, small fish, animals, and flower patterns. The discus was reserved for conventional scenes of gods, goddesses, mythological subjects, scenes from daily life, erotic scenes, and natural images. The strongly Christian identity of post-Roman society in North Africa is exemplified in the later instances of North African lamps, on which scenes of Christian images like saints, crosses, and biblical figures became commonly articulated topics. Traditional mythological symbols had enduring popularity as well, which can be traced back to North Africa’s Punic heritage. After a period of artisanal, political, and social decline in the 3rd century AD, lamp-making revived and accelerated artistry in the early Christian age to new heights. The introduction of fine local red-fired clays in the late 4th century triggered this revival. African Red Slip ware (ARS), or African Terra Sigillata, revolutionized the pottery and lamp-making industry. ARS ware was produced from the last third of the 1st century AD onwards, and was of major importance in the mid-to-late Roman periods. Famous in antiquity as “fine” or high-quality tableware, it was distributed both regionally and throughout the Mediterranean basin along well-established and heavily trafficked trade routes. North Africa’s economy flourished as its products were dispersed and demand for its products dramatically increased. Initially, the ARS lamp designs imitated the simple design of 3rd- to 4th-century courseware lamps, often with globules on the shoulder or with fluted walls. But new, more ornate designs appeared before the early 5th century as demand spurred on the creative process. The development and widespread distribution of ARS finewares marks the most distinctive phase of North African pottery-making. These characteristic pottery lamps were produced in large quantities by efficiently organized production centers with large-scale manufacturing abilities, and can be attributed to specific pottery-making centers in northern and central Tunisia by way of modern chemical analysis, which allows modern archeologists to trace distribution patterns among trade routes both regional and across the Mediterranean. Some major ARS centers in central Tunisia are Sidi Marzouk Tounsi, Henchir el-Guellal (Djilma), and Henchir es-Srira, all of which have ARS lamp artifacts attributed to them by the microscopic chemical makeup of the clay fabric as well as macroscopic style prevalent in that region. This underscores the idea that these local markets fueled the economy of not only the town itself, but the entire region and supported markets abroad. Certain vessel forms, fabrics, and decorative techniques like rouletting, appliqué, and stamped décor, are specific for a certain region and even for a certain pottery center. If neither form nor decoration of the material to be classified is identifiable, it is possible to trace its origins, not just to a certain region but even to its place of production by comparing its chemical analysis to important northeastern and central Tunisian potteries with good representatives. Governors of Roman Africa. Unless otherwise noted, names of governors in Africa and their dates are taken from T. Broughton , The Magistrates of the Roman Republic , (New York: American Philological Association, 1951, 1986), vol. Inscriptional evidence is less common for this period than for the Imperial era, and names of those who held a provincia are usually recorded by historians only during wartime or by the fasti triumphal. After the defeat of Carthage in 146 BC, no further assignments to Africa among the senior magistrates or promagistrates are recorded until the Jugurthine War (112105 BC), when the command against Jugurtha in Numidia became a consular province. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus (146 BC). Calpurnius Bestia (111 BC). Postumius Albinus (110109 BC). Caecilius Metellus Numidicus (109107 BC). Cornelius Sulla (105 BC). During the civil wars of the 80s and 40s BC , legitimate governors are difficult to distinguish from purely military commands, as rival factions were vying for control of the province by means of force. None known with reasonable certainty for the 90s. Caecilius Metellus Pius (8684 BC). Fabius Hadrianus (84 82 BC). Pompeius Magnus (8279 BC). Licinius Lucullus (7776/75 BC). Manlius Torquatus (69 BC or earlier). Sergius Catilina (6766 BC). Pompeius Rufus (6260/59 BC). Vettius, cognomen possibly Sabinus (5857 BC). Valerius Orca (56 BC). Attius Varus (52 BC and probably earlier; see also below). Considius Longus (5150 BC). Aelius Tubero (49 BC; may never have assumed the post). Attius Varus (seized control again in 49 and held Africa until 48). Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica (47 BC). Porcius Cato (jointly in 47 BC with special charge of Utica). Caninius Rebilus (46 BC). Calvisius Sabinus (45early 44 BC, Africa Vetus). Sallustius Crispus, the historian usually known in English as Sallust (45 BC, Africa Nova). Cornificius (4442 BC, Africa Vetus). Sextius (4440 BC, Africa Nova). Fuficius Fango (41 BC). Aemilius Lepidus (4036 BC). Statilius Taurus (35 BC). Lucius Autronius Paetus (29/28 BC). Marcus Acilius Glabrio (25 BC). Lucius Cornelius Balbus (20/19 BC). Gaius Sentius Saturninus (14/13 BC). Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (13/12 BC). Publius Quinctilius Varus approx (9/84 BC). Lucius Passienus Rufus approx c. Cossus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus c. Lucius Caninius Gallus c. Lucius Aelius Lamia (1516). Gaius Vibius Marsus (2629). Marcus Junius Silanus (2935). Gaius Rubellius Blandus (3536). Servius Cornelius Cethegus (3637). Reign of Gaius Caligula. Lucius Calpurnius Piso (3839). Lucius Salvius Otho (4041). Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus (4143). Servius Sulpicius Galba (4446). Marcus Servilius Nonianus (4647). Titus Statilius Taurus IV. Marcus Pompeius Silvanus Staberius Flavianus (5356). Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus Peticus (5657). Gnaeus Hosidius Geta (5758). Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (6263). Titus Flavius Vespasianus (6364). Gaius Vipstanus Apronianus (68). Lucius Minicius Natalis (121). Reign of Antoninus Pius. Titus Prifernius Paetus Rosianus Geminus (140141). Sextus Julius Major (141142). Publius Tullius Varro (142143). Lucius Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus (153154). Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus (157158). Reign of Marcus Aurelius. Sextus Cocceius Severianus (161163). Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (164). Marcus Antonius Zeno (164165). Titus Sextius Lateranus (168/169). Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes c. Reign of Septimius Severus. Publius Cornelius Anullinus (193). Pollienus Auspex (Between 194 and 200). Marcus Claudius Macrinius Vindex Hermogenianus (Between 194 and 200). Sextus Cocceius Vibianus (Between 194 and 200). Cingius Severus (Between 194 and 197). Lucius Cossonius Eggius Marullus (198199). Marcus Ulpius Arabianus c. Gaius Julius Asper (Between 200 and 210). Marcus Umbrius Primus c. Marcus Valerius Bradua Mauricus? Titus Flavius Decimus (209). Gaius Valerius Pudens (Between 209 and 211). Publius Julius Scapula Tertullus Priscus (212213). Appius Claudius Julianus (Between 212 and 220). Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus (Between 213 and 215). Marius Maximus (Between 213 and 217). Lucius Marius Perpetuus c. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus c. Reign of Alexander Severus. Gaius Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus c. Reign of Maximinus Thrax. Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (237). Reign of Gordian III. Lucius Caesonius Lucillus Macer Rufinianus c. Reigns of Valerian and Gallienus. (Between 259 and 261). Vibius Passienus (Between 260 and 268). Lucius Naevius Aquilinus (Between 260 and 268). Sextus Cocceius Anicius Faustus (Between 265 and 268). Lucius Caesonius Ovinius Manlius Rufinianus Bassus c. Gaius Julius Paulinus (283). Governors are directly chosen by the Emperors, without Roman Senate approval. Titus Claudius Aurelius Aristobulus (290294). Titus Flavius Postumius Titianus (295296). Lucius Aelius Helvius Dionysius (296300). Iulianus, possibly Amnius Anicius Julianus (301302). Gaius Annius Anullinus (302305). Gaius Caeionius Rufius Volusianus (305306). Cezeus Largus Maternianus (333-336). Quintus Flavius Maesius Egnatius Lollianus (336-337). Fabius Aconius Catullinus Philomathius (vicarius , 338339). Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus (358-359). Quintus Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius (361-362). Claudius Hermogenianus Caesarius (365-366). Julius Festus Hymetius (366-368). Sextius Rusticus Julianus (371-373). Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (373-374). Decimius Hilarianus Hesperius (April 376-October 377). Thalassius (October 377-April 379). Flavius Afranius Syagrius (379-380). Helvius Vindicianus (380-381; possibly 382-383). Virius Audentius Aemilianus (382-383; possibly 381-382). Felix Juniorinus Polemius (388-389). Latinius Pacatus Drepanius (389-390). Flavius Rhodinus Primus (391-392). Aemilius Florus Paternus (392-393). Gabinius Barbarus Pompeianus (400401). Rufius Antonius Agrypnius Volusianus (404-405). Flavius Pionius Diotimus (405-406). Aelius Pompeius Porphyrius Proculus (407-408). Sentius Fabricius Iulianus (412-414). Aurelius Anicius Symmachus (415). L ucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) (April 11, 145/146-February 4, 211) was a Roman general, and Roman Emperor from April 14, 193 to 211. He was born in what is now the Berber part of Rome’s historic Africa Province. Septimius Severus was born and raised at Leptis Magna (modern Berber , southeast of Carthage , modern Tunisia). Severus came from a wealthy, distinguished family of equestrian rank. Severus was of Italian Roman ancestry on his mother’s side and of Punic or Libyan -Punic ancestry on his father’s. Little is known of his father, Publius Septimius Geta , who held no major political status but had two cousins who served as consuls under emperor Antoninus Pius. His mother, Fulvia Pia’s family moved from Italy to North Africa and was of the Fulvius gens, an ancient and politically influential clan, which was originally of plebeian status. His siblings were a younger Publius Septimius Geta and Septimia Octavilla. Severuss maternal cousin was Praetorian Guard and consul Gaius Fulvius Plautianus. In 172, Severus was made a Senator by the then emperor Marcus Aurelius. In 187 he married secondly Julia Domna. In 190 Severus became consul , and in the following year received from the emperor Commodus (successor to Marcus Aurelius) the command of the legions in Pannonia. On the murder of Pertinax by the troops in 193, they proclaimed Severus Emperor at Carnuntum , whereupon he hurried to Italy. The former emperor, Didius Julianus , was condemned to death by the Senate and killed, and Severus took possession of Rome without opposition. The legions of Syria , however, had proclaimed Pescennius Niger emperor. At the same time, Severus felt it was reasonable to offer Clodius Albinus , the powerful governor of Britannia who had probably supported Didius against him, the rank of Caesar, which implied some claim to succession. With his rearguard safe, he moved to the East and crushed Niger’s forces at the Battle of Issus. The following year was devoted to suppressing Mesopotamia and other Parthian vassals who had backed Niger. When afterwards Severus declared openly his son Caracalla as successor, Albinus was hailed emperor by his troops and moved to Gallia. Severus, after a short stay in Rome, moved northwards to meet him. In the Battle of Lugdunum , with an army of 100,000 men, mostly composed of Illyrian , Moesian and Dacian legions, Severus defeated and killed Clodius Albinus, securing his full control over the Empire. Severus was at heart a soldier , and sought glory through military exploits. In 197 he waged a brief and successful war against the Parthian Empire in retaliation for the support given to Pescennius Niger. The Parthian capital Ctesiphon was sacked by the legions, and the northern half of Mesopotamia was restored to Rome. His relations with the Roman Senate were never good. Severus ordered the execution of dozens of Senators on charges of corruption and conspiracy against him, replacing them with his own favorites. He also disbanded the Praetorian Guard and replaced it with one of his own, made up of 50,000 loyal soldiers mainly camped at Albanum , near Rome (also probably to grant the emperor a kind of centralized reserve). During his reign the number of legions was also increased from 25/30 to 33. He also increased the number of auxiliary corps (numerii), many of these troops coming from the Eastern borders. Additionally the annual wage for a soldier was raised from 300 to 500 denarii. Although his actions turned Rome into a military dictatorship , he was popular with the citizens of Rome, having stamped out the rampant corruption of Commodus’s reign. According to Cassius Dio, however, after 197 Severus fell heavily under the influence of his Praetorian Prefect, Gaius Fulvius Plautianus , who came to have almost total control of most branches of the imperial administration. Plautianus’s daughter, Fulvia Plautilla , was married to Severus’s son, Caracalla. Plautianuss excessive power came to an end in 205, when he was denounced by the Emperor’s dying brother and killed. The two following praefecti , including the jurist Aemilius Papinianus , received however even larger powers. Campaigns in Caledonia (Scotland). Starting from 208 Severus undertook a number of military actions in Roman Britain , reconstructing Hadrian’s Wall and campaigning in Scotland. He reached the area of the Moray Firth in his last campaign in Caledonia, as was called Scotland by the Romans.. In 210 obtained a peace with the Picts that lasted practically until the final withdrawal of the Roman legions from Britain, before falling severely ill in Eboracum (York). He is famously said to have given the advice to his sons: “Be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, and scorn all other men” before he died at Eboracum on. Upon his death in 211, Severus was deified by the Senate and succeeded by his sons, Caracalla and Geta , who were advised by his wife Julia Domna. The stability Severus provided the Empire was soon gone under their reign. Though his military expenditure was costly to the empire, Severus was the strong, able ruler that Rome needed at the time. He began a tradition of effective emperors elevated solely by the military. Severus was also distinguished for his buildings. Apart from the triumphal arch in the Roman Forum carrying his full name, he also built the Septizodium in Rome and enriched greatly his native city of Leptis Magna (including another triumphal arch on the occasion of his visit of 203). Christians were persecuted during the reign of Septimus Severus. Severus allowed the enforcement of policies already long-established, which meant that Roman authorities did not intentionally seek out Christians, but when people were accused of being Christians they could either curse Jesus and make an offering to Roman gods , or be executed. Furthermore, wishing to strengthen the peace by encouraging religious harmony through syncretism , Severus tried to limit the spread of the two quarrelsome groups who refused to yield to syncretism by outlawing conversion to Christianity or Judaism. Individual officials availed themselves of the laws to proceed with rigor against the Christians. Naturally the emperor, with his strict conception of law, did not hinder such partial persecution, which took place in Egypt and the Thebaid , as well as in Africa proconsularis and the East. Christian martyrs were numerous in Alexandria cf. Clement of Alexandria , Stromata , ii. 20; Eusebius , Church History , V. No less severe were the persecutions in Africa, which seem to have begun in 197 or 198 cf. Tertullian’s Ad martyres , and included the Christians known in the Roman martyrology as the martyrs of Madaura. Probably in 202 or 203 Felicitas and Perpetua suffered for their faith. Persecution again raged for a short time under the proconsul Scapula in 211, especially in Numidia and Mauritania. Later accounts of a Gallic persecution, especially at Lyon , are legendary. In general it may thus be said that the position of the Christians under Septimius Severus was the same as under the Antonines ; but the law of this Emperor at least shows clearly that the rescript of Trajan. Had failed to execute its purpose. What is a certificate of authenticity and what guarantees do you give that the item is authentic? You will be quite happy with what you get with the COA; a professional presentation of the coin, with all of the relevant information and a picture of the coin you saw in the listing. Is there a number I can call you with questions about my order? When should I leave feedback? Once you receive your order, please leave a positive. Please don’t leave any negative feedbacks, as it happens many times that people rush to leave feedback before letting sufficient time for the order to arrive. The matter of fact is that any issues can be resolved, as reputation is most important to me. My goal is to provide superior products and quality of service. The item “SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 207AD AFRICA Elephant Lion Ancient Silver Roman Coin i52147″ is in sale since Tuesday, August 18, 2015. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)”. The seller is “highrating_lowprice” and is located in Rego Park, New York. This item can be shipped worldwide.
  • Composition: Silver
  • Ruler: Septimius Severus

SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS 207AD AFRICA Elephant Lion Ancient Silver Roman Coin i52147

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July 1, 2017 · 8:33 pm

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Genuine Silver Coin i52269

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Genuine Silver Coin i52269
APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Genuine Silver Coin i52269

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Genuine Silver Coin i52269
Item: i52269 Authentic Ancient Coin of. I ndo Greek Kingdom in India Apollodotos I – King: 174-165 B. Square Silver Drachm 18mm (2.41 grams) Mint in the Paropamisadai or Gandhara, circa 174-165 B. Reference: HGC 12, 119; Sear 7591; Mitchiner 207a; B. India 34,3 Elephant standing right; behind, above, before; monogram beneath. “Of Saviour King Apollodotus”. Humped bull standing right, Bull with Kharoshti legend MAHARAJASA TRATARASA APALADATASA, “Saviour King Apollodotus”. Following the final defeat of Antimachos, Agathokles and Pantaleon, Eukratides appointed two sub-kings, Apollodotos and Menander, to administer the southern provinces of his realm. Apollodotus I Soter (Greek : , “Apollodotus the Saviour” , Sanskrit : , “maharajasa apaladatasa tratarasa”) was an Indo-Greek king between 180 BCE and 160 BCE or between 174 and 165 BCE first dating Osmund Bopearachchi and R. Senior, second dating Boperachchi who ruled the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, from Taxila in Punjab to the areas of Sindh and possibly Gujarat. Ruler of the Indo-Greek kingdom. Apollodotus was not the first to strike bilingual coins outside of Bactria, but he was the first king who ruled in India only, and therefore the founder of the proper Indo-Greek kingdom. Tarn , Apollodotus I was one of the generals of Demetrius I of Bactria , the Greco-Bactrian king who invaded northwestern India after 180 BCE. Tarn was uncertain whether he was a member of the royal house. Later authors largely agree with Tarn’s analysis, though with perhaps even more uncertainty regarding who the king was, for his coins do not give many hints. Apollodotus was either succeeded in India by Antimachus II , or the two kings were contemporary, Antimachus II ruling the more western territories closer to Bactria. Eventually Apollodotus I was succeeded by Menander I , and the two kings are mentioned by Pompejus Trogus as important Indo-Greek rulers. The 1st-2nd century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea further testifies to the reign of Apollodotus I and the influence of the Indo-Greeks in India. To the present day ancient drachmae are current in Barygaza , coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, Apollodorus [sic] and Menander. The coinage of Apollodotus is, together with that of Menander, one of the most abundant of the Indo-Greek kings. It is found mainly in the provinces of Punjab, Sindh and Gujarat , indicating the southern limit of the Indo-Greek expansion in India. This is also suggested by the Periplus , a 1st century CE document on trade in the Indian Ocean , which describes the remnants of Greek presence (shrines, barracks, wells, coinage) in the strategic port of Barygaza (Bharuch) in Gujarat. Strabo (XI) also describes the occupation of Patalene (Indus Delta country). While Sindh may have come under his possession, it is not known as to whether Apollodotus advanced to Gujarat, where the Satavahanas ruled. Apollodotus also issued a great number of bilingual Indian-standard square coins. Beside the usual royal title, the exact significance of the animals depicted on the coins is unclear. The sacred elephant may be the symbol of the city of Taxila , or possibly the symbol of the white elephant who reputedly entered in dream the womb the mother of the Buddha , Queen Maya , which would make it a symbol of Buddhism , one of the main religions of the Indo-Greek territories. Similarly, the sacred bull on the reverse may be a symbol of a city (Pushkhalavati), or a depiction of Shiva , making it a symbol of Hinduism , the other major religion at that time. The bull is often represented in a clearly erectile state, which reinforces its interpretation as a representation of Shiva. Conversely, this also reinforces the interpretation of the elephant as a religious symbol. Alternatively, the Bull, according to Foucher , represents the birth of the Buddha, as it happened during the month of Vaicakha (AprilMay), known to Buddhists as Vesak , under the zodiacal sign of the Taurus , during the full moon. The enlightenment and passing of the Buddha also occurred during the Taurus full moon. Before their design was eventually simplified, some of the earlier coins of king Apollodotus directly associate the elephant with Buddhist symbolism, such as the stupa hill surmounted by a star, also seen, for example on the coins of the Mauryan Empire or those of the later Kuninda kingdom. Apollodotus experimented with different coin standards for his silver, until he settled for a standard lighter than the Attic which would prevail for centuries, though later rulers usually struck round coins instead of the square (typically Indian) shape of most of Apollodotus’ silver. He issued a number of bronzes with Apollo /tripod, that also were repeated for centuries. Apollodotus also issued a small series of monolingual Attic tetradrachms, intended for export into Bactria. For these, Apollodotus I clearly used Bactrian celators to strike an exquisite realistic portrait of the king as an aged man in the Macedonian hat called kausia, with a reverse of sitting Pallas Athene holding Nike , a common Hellenistic motif introduced by the Diadoch Lysimachusus. On these coins, he used no epithet. Preceded by: (In Paropamisade) Agathocles (In Gandhara) Pantaleon. Indo-Greek Ruler (Paropamisade , Arachosia , Gandhara , Punjab) 180160 BCE. Succeeded by: Antimachus II. What is a certificate of authenticity and what guarantees do you give that the item is authentic? You will be quite happy with what you get with the COA; a professional presentation of the coin, with all of the relevant information and a picture of the coin you saw in the listing. Is there a number I can call you with questions about my order? When should I leave feedback? Once you receive your order, please leave a positive. Please don’t leave any negative feedbacks, as it happens many times that people rush to leave feedback before letting sufficient time for the order to arrive. The matter of fact is that any issues can be resolved, as reputation is most important to me. My goal is to provide superior products and quality of service. The item “APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Genuine Silver Coin i52269″ is in sale since Wednesday, August 26, 2015. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Greek (450 BC-100 AD)”. The seller is “highrating_lowprice” and is located in Rego Park, New York. This item can be shipped worldwide.
  • Composition: Silver

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Genuine Silver Coin i52269

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June 18, 2017 · 8:00 pm

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166
APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166
APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166
APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166
Item: i60166 Authentic Ancient Coin of. I ndo Greek Kingdom in India Apollodotos I – King: 174-165 B. Square Silver Drachm 20mm (1.38 grams) Mint in the Paropamisadai or Gandhara, circa 174-165 B. Reference: HGC 12, 119; Sear 7591; Mitchiner 207a; B. India 34,3 Certification: NGC Ancients Ch VF 4375823-245 Elephant standing right; behind, above, before; KP monogram beneath. “Of Saviour King Apollodotus”. Humped bull standing right, Bull with Kharoshti legend MAHARAJASA TRATARASA APALADATASA, “Saviour King Apollodotus”. Following the final defeat of Antimachos, Agathokles and Pantaleon, Eukratides appointed two sub-kings, Apollodotos and Menander, to administer the southern provinces of his realm. Apollodotus I Soter (Greek : , “Apollodotus the Saviour” , Sanskrit : maharajasa apaladatasa tratarasa) was an Indo-Greek king between 180 BCE and 160 BCE or between 174 and 165 BCE first dating Osmund Bopearachchi and R. Senior, second dating Boperachchi who ruled the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, from Taxila in Punjab to the areas of Sindh and possibly Gujarat. Ruler of the Indo-Greek kingdom. Apollodotus was not the first to strike bilingual coins outside of Bactria, but he was the first king who ruled in India only, and therefore the founder of the proper Indo-Greek kingdom. Tarn , Apollodotus I was one of the generals of Demetrius I of Bactria , the Greco-Bactrian king who invaded northwestern India after 180 BCE. Tarn was uncertain whether he was a member of the royal house. Later authors largely agree with Tarn’s analysis, though with perhaps even more uncertainty regarding who the king was, for his coins do not give many hints. Apollodotus was either succeeded in India by Antimachus II , or the two kings were contemporary, Antimachus II ruling the more western territories closer to Bactria. Eventually Apollodotus I was succeeded by Menander I , and the two kings are mentioned by Pompejus Trogus as important Indo-Greek rulers. The 1st-2nd century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea further testifies to the reign of Apollodotus I and the influence of the Indo-Greeks in India. To the present day ancient drachmae are current in Barygaza , coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, Apollodorus [sic] and Menander. The coinage of Apollodotus is, together with that of Menander, one of the most abundant of the Indo-Greek kings. It is found mainly in the provinces of Punjab, Sindh and Gujarat , indicating the southern limit of the Indo-Greek expansion in India. This is also suggested by the Periplus , a 1st century CE document on trade in the Indian Ocean , which describes the remnants of Greek presence (shrines, barracks, wells, coinage) in the strategic port of Barygaza (Bharuch) in Gujarat. Strabo (XI) also describes the occupation of Patalene (Indus Delta country). While Sindh may have come under his possession, it is not known as to whether Apollodotus advanced to Gujarat, where the Satavahanas ruled. Apollodotus also issued a great number of bilingual Indian-standard square coins. Beside the usual royal title, the exact significance of the animals depicted on the coins is unclear. The sacred elephant may be the symbol of the city of Taxila , or possibly the symbol of the white elephant who reputedly entered in dream the womb the mother of the Buddha , Queen Maya , which would make it a symbol of Buddhism , one of the main religions of the Indo-Greek territories. Similarly, the sacred bull on the reverse may be a symbol of a city (Pushkhalavati), or a depiction of Shiva , making it a symbol of Hinduism , the other major religion at that time. The bull is often represented in a clearly erectile state, which reinforces its interpretation as a representation of Shiva. Conversely, this also reinforces the interpretation of the elephant as a religious symbol. Alternatively, the Bull, according to Foucher , represents the birth of the Buddha, as it happened during the month of Vaicakha (AprilMay), known to Buddhists as Vesak , under the zodiacal sign of the Taurus , during the full moon. The enlightenment and passing of the Buddha also occurred during the Taurus full moon. Before their design was eventually simplified, some of the earlier coins of king Apollodotus directly associate the elephant with Buddhist symbolism, such as the stupa hill surmounted by a star, also seen, for example on the coins of the Mauryan Empire or those of the later Kuninda kingdom. Apollodotus experimented with different coin standards for his silver, until he settled for a standard lighter than the Attic which would prevail for centuries, though later rulers usually struck round coins instead of the square (typically Indian) shape of most of Apollodotus’ silver. He issued a number of bronzes with Apollo /tripod, that also were repeated for centuries. Apollodotus also issued a small series of monolingual Attic tetradrachms, intended for export into Bactria. For these, Apollodotus I clearly used Bactrian celators to strike an exquisite realistic portrait of the king as an aged man in the Macedonian hat called kausia, with a reverse of sitting Pallas Athene holding Nike , a common Hellenistic motif introduced by the Diadoch Lysimachusus. On these coins, he used no epithet. Preceded by: (In Paropamisade) Agathocles (In Gandhara) Pantaleon. Indo-Greek Ruler (Paropamisade , Arachosia , Gandhara , Punjab) 180160 BCE. Succeeded by: Antimachus II. Ilya Zlobin, world-renowned expert numismatist, enthusiast, author and dealer in authentic ancient Greek, ancient Roman, ancient Byzantine, world coins & more. Ilya Zlobin is an independent individual who has a passion for coin collecting, research and understanding the importance of the historical context and significance all coins and objects represent. Send me a message about this and I can update your invoice should you want this method. Getting your order to you, quickly and securely is a top priority and is taken seriously here. Great care is taken in packaging and mailing every item securely and quickly. What is a certificate of authenticity and what guarantees do you give that the item is authentic? You will be very happy with what you get with the COA; a professional presentation of the coin, with all of the relevant information and a picture of the coin you saw in the listing. Additionally, the coin is inside it’s own protective coin flip (holder), with a 2×2 inch description of the coin matching the individual number on the COA. Whether your goal is to collect or give the item as a gift, coins presented like this could be more prized and valued higher than items that were not given such care and attention to. Is there a number I can call you with questions about my order? When should I leave feedback? Please don’t leave any negative feedbacks, as it happens sometimes that people rush to leave feedback before letting sufficient time for their order to arrive. The matter of fact is that any issues can be resolved, as reputation is most important to me. My goal is to provide superior products and quality of service. How and where do I learn more about collecting ancient coins? Visit the “Guide on How to Use My Store” for on an overview about using my store, with additional information and links to all other parts of my store which may include educational information on topics you are looking for. You may also want to do a YouTube search for the term “ancient coin collecting” for educational videos on this topic. The item “APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166″ is in sale since Sunday, March 19, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Greek (450 BC-100 AD)”. The seller is “highrating_lowprice” and is located in Rego Park, New York. This item can be shipped worldwide.
  • Composition: Silver
  • Certification: NGC
  • Culture: Greek
  • Material: Silver
  • Coin Type: Ancient
  • Certification Number: 4375823-245
  • Grade: Ch VF

APOLLODOTOS I 174BC Ancient Greek India Bull Elephant Silver Coin NGC i60166

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June 11, 2017 · 7:45 pm

Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC

Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC
Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC

Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC
A fascinating, important and hugely desirable coin type. An ancient Roman silver denarius struck under Julius Caesar, at the military mint travelling with Caesar in 49 – 48 BC. The obverse with Elephant, walking right trampling on horned serpent. The reverse with the emblems of the pontificate (Roman high priest): simpulum, (ritual ladle) aspergillum, (water sprinkler) securis, (single bladed axe) and apex (spiked cap). In 49 BC Julius Caesar declared his intent to seize control of Rome by breaking Roman law and crossing the river Rubicon at the head of an army. The’elephant denari’ were the first coins minted under Julius Caesar and were likely struck to pay his army in the early months of their struggle. The obverse of the coins show Caesar’s own cognomen as the issuing authority, while the imagery symbolises good triumphing over evil. The reverse references Caesar’s position as Pontifex Maximus. An exceptional example of this famous coin type. Weight: 3.85 g. Diameter: 19.30 mm. British private collection, acquired around 20 years ago. Our parent company, ArtAncient Ltd. Are members of the Antiquities Dealer’s Association, LAPADA, CINOA and the BNTA. All objects we sell are authentic as described. We send all collectibles Registered, Signed-for and Insured. Please note that in most countries, antiques and collectibles are eligible for minimal/zero charges on importation. The item “Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC” is in sale since Monday, March 13, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)”. The seller is “artancientltd” and is located in London. This item can be shipped worldwide.
Exceptional Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar 49 BC

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June 10, 2017 · 7:43 pm

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946
Item: i59946 Authentic Ancient Coin of. Julius Caesar – Roman General, Politician, Hero & Dictator Silver Denarius 18mm (3.90 grams) Military mint in Italy, circa 49 B. Reference: RSC 49j B. 443/1 Certification: NGC Ancients Ch F 4375823-191 Elephant walking right, trampling on serpent, CAESAR in exergue. Sacrificial implements, simpulum, sprinkler, axe and priest’s hat. The obverse type may symbolize victory over evil, whereas the reverse refers to Caesar’s office of Pontifex Maximus. Symbolism of the Elephant. The representation of this animal frequently occurs on Roman coins. The head, and sometimes the proboscis only, on an Elephant is a symbol of Africa. An Elephant trampling on a serpent with it’s fore feet, is the well-known type on the denarius of Julius Caesar. But it has given rise from it’s name in that region; the animal being called in the Punic language Caesar, this name became appropriated to the family. “But” says Echhel vi. 5 and 6, in noticing these conflicting opinions prior to this grandfather of Julius, we find in Livy the cognomen of Caesar. Now, if that be true, which is stated by Constantinus Manasses, that’elephants are called Caesares by the Phoenicians,’ and which, as we have just observed, is confirmed by Servius and Spartian, the present elephant would be an allusion to the name; as, moreover, it is represented as trampling on a serpent, with which reptile, according to Pliny, the elephant is at perpetual feud; and as it is established by Artemidorus, that the elephant in Italy denotes a lord, a king, or a man in high authority; we shall then recognize a type flattering to the ambition of Caesar, and by which he was desirous to intimate his victory over the barbarians, and all who were envious of his glory. Whatever may be the decision on this point, the type may be considered as a presage of future dominion. For the elephant, independently of its uses in war and amphitheatre, was an undoubted symbol of honor or of arrogance. According to Suetonius In Nerone, chap. Domitius, the ancestor of Nero, after his victory, during his consulate, over the Allobroges, was carried through the province on an elephant, preceded by a large body of troops, as in the solemnity of a triumph. Julius Caesar himself, when his military toils were over, ascended the Capitol, lighted by forty elephants, bearing torches, on either side of him. Lastly, there was no special use for elephants, except to draw the imperial thensae at funerals, or the chariots of the Caesars, either in a triumph, or in their consular processions. Elephants are represented on coins as an emblem of Eternity, it has been among the vulgar errors of the ancients to believe that those stupendous creatures lived two or even three hundred years. It was, however, on the known longevity of the elephant (exceeding, as Pliny, quoting Aristotle, says, that of all other animals), that they were employed in the funeral processions of emperors and empresses, on the occasion of their apotheosis. Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. As a politician, Caesar made use of popularist tactics. During the late 60s and into the 50s BC, he formed political alliances that led to the so-called First Triumvirate , an extra-legal arrangement with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their factional attempts to amass power for themselves were opposed within the Roman Senate by the optimates , among them Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus , with the sometime support of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Caesar’s conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to the North Sea , and in 55 BC he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey’s, while the death of Crassus contributed to increasing political tensions between the two triumviral survivors. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a stand-off between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. With the order that sent his legions across the Rubicon , Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world. After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed ” dictator in perpetuity” (dictator perpetuo). A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus , assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, hoping to restore the normal running of the Republic. However, the result was another Roman civil war , which ultimately led to the establishment of a permanent autocracy by Caesar’s adopted heir, Gaius Octavianus. In 42 BC, two years after his assassination, the Senate officially sanctified Caesar as one of the Roman deities. Much of Caesar’s life is known from his own Commentaries (Commentarii) on his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources such as the letters and speeches of his political rival Cicero , the historical writings of Sallust , and the poetry of Catullus. Many more details of his life are recorded by later historians, such as Appian , Suetonius , Plutarch , Cassius Dio and Strabo. The item “JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946″ is in sale since Sunday, March 12, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Republic (300 BC-27 BC)”. The seller is “highrating_lowprice” and is located in Rego Park, New York. This item can be shipped worldwide.
  • Certification: NGC
  • Certification Number: 4375823-191
  • Grade: Ch F
  • Composition: Silver
  • Culture: Roman
  • Material: Silver

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC Ch F i59946

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June 6, 2017 · 7:29 pm

TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883

TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883
TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883
TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883
TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883

TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883
Item: i59883 Authentic Ancient Coin of. Titus – Roman Emperor: 79-81 A. Silver Denarius 18mm (2.82 grams) Rome mint: January – July 80 A. Reference: RIC 22a, BMC 43, BN 37, C 303 Certification: NGC Ancients VG 4375823-141 IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG P M – Laureate head right. TR P IX IMP XV COS VIII P P, Elephant advancing left. Roman Emperor: 79-81 A. Caesar (Under Vespasian, with Domitian) 71-79 A. Imperator (Under Vespasian; Domitian, as Caesar) 79-81 A. Sole Reign (with Domitian, as Caesar). Titus Flavius Vespasianus , commonly known as Titus (December 30, 39 September 13, 81), was a Roman Emperor who briefly reigned from 79 until his death in 81. Titus was the second emperor of the Flavian dynasty , which ruled the Roman Empire between 69 and 96, encompassing the reigns of Titus’s father Vespasian (6979), Titus himself (7981) and his younger brother Domitian (8196). Prior to becoming emperor, Titus gained renown as a military commander, serving under his father in Judaea during the First Jewish-Roman War , which was fought between 67 and 70. When Vespasian was declared emperor on July 1, 69, Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion, which he did in 70, successfully besieging and destroying the city and the Temple of Jerusalem. For this achievement Titus was awarded a triumph ; the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory to this day. Under the rule of his father, Titus gained infamy in Rome serving as prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard , known as the Praetorian Guard , and for carrying on a controversial relationship with the Jewish queen Berenice. Despite concerns over his character, however, Titus ruled to great acclaim following the death of Vespasian on June 23, 79, and was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians. In this role he is best known for his public building program in Romecompleting the Flavian Amphitheatre , otherwise known as the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters, the Mount Vesuvius eruption of 79 and the fire of Rome of 80. After barely two years in office, Titus died of a fever on September 13, 81. He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian. Titus was born in Rome , probably on 30 December 39, as the eldest son of Titus Flavius Vespasianus commonly known as Vespasianand Domitilla the Elder. He had one younger sister, Domitilla the Younger b. 45, and one younger brother, also named Titus Flavius Domitianus b. 51, but commonly referred to as Domitian. Decades of civil war during the 1st century BC had contributed greatly to the demise of the old aristocracy of Rome, which was gradually replaced in prominence by a new provincial nobility during the early part of the 1st century. One such family was the gens Flavia , which rose from relative obscurity to prominence in just four generations, acquiring wealth and status under the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Titus’s great-grandfather, Titus Flavius Petro , had served as a centurion under Pompey during Caesar’s civil war. His military career ended in disgrace when he fled the battlefield at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. Nevertheless, Petro managed to improve his status by marrying the extremely wealthy Tertulla, whose fortune guaranteed the upwards mobility of Petro’s son Titus Flavius Sabinus I , Titus’s grandfather. By marrying Vespasia Polla he allied himself to the more prestigious patrician gens Vespasia , ensuring the elevation of his sons Titus Flavius Sabinus II and Vespasian to the senatorial rank. The political career of Vespasian included the offices of quaestor , aedile and praetor , and culminated with a consulship in 51, the year Domitian was born. As a military commander, he gained early renown by participating in the Roman invasion of Britain in 43. What little is known of Titus’s early life has been handed down to us by Suetonius , who records that he was brought up at the imperial court in the company of Britannicus , the son of emperor Claudius , who would be murdered by Nero in 55. The story was even told that Titus was reclining next to Britannicus, the night he was murdered, and sipped of the poison that was handed to him. Further details on his education are scarce, but it seems he showed early promise in the military arts and was a skilled poet and orator both in Greek and Latin. 57 to 59 he was a military tribune in Germania. He also served in Britannia , perhaps arriving c. 60 with reinforcements needed after the revolt of Boudica. Titus then took a new wife of a much more distinguished family, Marcia Furnilla. However, Marcia’s family was closely linked to the opposition to Nero. Her uncle Barea Soranus and his daughter Servilia were among those who perished after the failed Pisonian conspiracy of 65. Some modern historians theorize that Titus divorced his wife because of her family’s connection to the conspiracy. Titus appears to have had multiple daughters, at least one of them by Marcia Furnilla. The only one known to have survived to adulthood was Julia Flavia , perhaps Titus’s child by Arrecina, whose mother was also named Julia. During this period Titus also practiced law and attained the rank of quaestor. In 66 the Jews of the Judaea Province revolted against the Roman Empire. Cestius Gallus , the legate of Syria , was defeated at the battle of Beth-Horon and forced to retreat from Jerusalem. The pro-Roman king Agrippa II and his sister Berenice fled the city to Galilee where they later gave themselves up to the Romans. Nero appointed Vespasian to put down the rebellion, who was dispatched to the region at once with the fifth and tenth legions. He was later joined by Titus at Ptolemais , bringing with him the fifteenth legion. With a strength of 60,000 professional soldiers, the Romans prepared to sweep across Galilee and march on Jerusalem. The history of the war was covered in dramatic detail by the Roman-Jewish historian Josephus in his work The Wars of the Jews. Josephus served as a commander in the city of Jotapata when the Roman army invaded Galilee in 67. After an exhausting siege which lasted 47 days, the city fell, with an estimated 40,000 killed and the remaining Jewish resistance committing suicide. Josephus himself surrendered to Vespasian, became a prisoner and provided the Romans with intelligence on the ongoing revolt. By 68, the entire coast and the north of Judaea were subjugated by the Roman army, with decisive victories won at Taricheae and Gamala , where Titus distinguished himself as a skilled general. Year of the Four Emperors. Map of the Roman Empire during the Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD). Blue areas indicate provinces loyal to Vespasian and Gaius Licinius Mucianus. The last and most significant fortress of Jewish resistance was Jerusalem. However the campaign came to a sudden halt when news arrived of Nero’s death. Almost simultaneously, the Roman Senate had declared Galba , then governor of Hispania , as Emperor of Rome. Vespasian decided to await further orders, and sent Titus to greet the new princeps. Before reaching Italy, Titus learnt that Galba had been murdered and replaced by Otho , governor of Lusitania , and that Vitellius and his armies in Germania were preparing to march on the capital, intent on overthrowing Otho. Not wanting to risk being taken hostage by one side or the other, he abandoned the journey to Rome and rejoined his father in Judaea. Meanwhile, Otho was defeated in the First Battle of Bedriacum and committed suicide. When the news spread across the armies in Judaea and Ægyptus , they took matters into their own hands and declared Vespasian emperor on July 1, 69. Vespasian accepted, and through negotiations by Titus joined forces with Gaius Licinius Mucianus , governor of Syria. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus, while Vespasian himself travelled to Alexandria , leaving Titus in charge to end the Jewish rebellion. By the end of 69 the forces of Vitellius had been beaten, and Vespasian was officially declared emperor by the Senate on December 21, thus ending the Year of the Four Emperors. Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem , Francesco Hayez , oil on canvas, 1867. Depicting the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army. Meanwhile the Jews had become embroiled in a civil conflict of their own, splitting the resistance in the city among two factions; the Sicarii led by Simon Bar Giora , and the Zealots led by John of Gischala. Titus seized the opportunity to begin the assault on Jerusalem. The Roman army was joined by the twelfth legion , which was previously defeated under Cestius Gallus , and from Alexandria Vespasian sent Tiberius Julius Alexander , governor of Ægyptus, to act as Titus’s second in command. Titus surrounded the city, with three legions (Vth, XIIth and XVth) on the western side and one (Xth) on the Mount of Olives to the east. He put pressure on the food and water supplies of the inhabitants by allowing pilgrims to enter the city to celebrate Passover , and then refusing them egress. Jewish raids continuously harassed the Roman army, one of which nearly resulted in Titus being captured. After attempts by Josephus to negotiate a surrender had failed, the Romans resumed hostilities and quickly breached the first and second walls of the city. To intimidate the resistance, Titus ordered deserters from the Jewish side to be crucified around the city wall. By this time the Jews had been thoroughly exhausted by famine , and when the weak third wall was breached bitter street fighting ensued. The Romans finally captured the Antonia Fortress and began a frontal assault on the gates of the Temple. According to Josephus, Titus had ordered that the Temple itself should not be destroyed, but while the fighting around the gates continued a soldier hurled a torch inside one of the windows, which quickly set the entire building ablaze. The later Christian chronicler Sulpicius Severus , possibly drawing on a lost portion of Tacitus’ Histories , claims that Titus favoured destruction of the Temple. Whatever the case, the Temple was completely demolished, after which Titus’s soldiers proclaimed him imperator in honor of the victory. Jerusalem was sacked and much of the population killed or dispersed. Josephus claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of which a majority were Jewish. 97,000 were captured and enslaved, including Simon Bar Giora and John of Gischala. Many fled to areas around the Mediterranean. Titus reportedly refused to accept a wreath of victory, as he claimed there is “no merit in vanquishing people forsaken by their own God”. Titus’ triumph after the First Jewish-Roman War was celebrated with the Arch of Titus in Rome, which shows the treasures taken from the Temple in Jerusalem , including the Menorah and the Trumpets of jericho. Unable to sail to Italy during the winter, Titus celebrated elaborate games at Caesarea Maritima and Berytus , then travelled to Zeugma on the Euphrates , where he was presented with a crown by Vologases I of Parthia. While visiting Antioch he confirmed the traditional rights of the Jews in that city. On his way to Alexandria , he stopped in Memphis to consecrate the sacred bull Apis. According to Suetonius , this caused consternation; the ceremony required Titus to wear a diadem , which the Romans associated with kingship , and the partisanship of Titus’s legions had already led to fears that he might rebel against his father. Upon his arrival in the city in 71, Titus was awarded a triumph. Accompanied by Vespasian and Domitian he rode into the city, enthusiastically saluted by the Roman populace and preceded by a lavish parade containing treasures and captives from the war. Josephus describes a procession with large amounts of gold and silver carried along the route, followed by elaborate re-enactments of the war, Jewish prisoners, and finally the treasures taken from the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. Simon Bar Giora was executed in the Forum , after which the procession closed with religious sacrifices at the Temple of Jupiter. The triumphal Arch of Titus , which stands at one entrance to the Forum, memorializes the victory of Titus. The Arch of Titus , located on the Via Sacra , just to the south-east of the Forum Romanum in Rome. With Vespasian declared emperor, Titus and his brother Domitian likewise received the title of Caesar from the Senate. In addition to sharing tribunician power with his father, Titus held seven consulships during Vespasian’s reign and acted as his secretary, appearing in the Senate on his behalf. More crucially, he was appointed commander of the Praetorian Guard , ensuring their loyalty to the emperor and further solidifying Vespasian’s position as a legitimate ruler. In this capacity he achieved considerable notoriety in Rome for his violent actions, frequently ordering the execution of suspected traitors on the spot. When in 79, a plot by Aulus Caecina Alienus and Eprius Marcellus to overthrow Vespasian was uncovered, Titus invited Alienus to dinner and ordered him to be stabbed before he had even left the room. During the Jewish wars, Titus had begun a love affair with Berenice , sister of Agrippa II. The Herodians had collaborated with the Romans during the rebellion, and Berenice herself had supported Vespasian upon his campaign to become emperor. The Romans were wary of the Eastern Queen and disapproved of their relationship. When the pair was publicly denounced by Cynics in the theatre, Titus caved in to the pressure and sent her away, but his reputation further suffered. Vespasian died of an infection on June 23 79 AD, and was immediately succeeded by his son Titus. Because of his many alleged vices , many Romans feared at this point that he would be another Nero. Against these expectations, however, Titus proved to be an effective emperor and was well-loved by the population, who praised him highly when they found that he possessed the greatest virtues instead of vices. One of his first acts as an emperor was to publicly order a halt to trials based on treason charges, which had long plagued the principate. The law of treason , or law maiestas , was originally intended to prosecute those who had corruptly’impaired the people and majesty of Rome’ by any revolutionary action. Under Augustus , however, this custom had been revived and applied to cover slander or libellous writings as well, eventually leading to a long cycle of trials and executions under such emperors as Tiberius , Caligula and Nero, spawning entire networks of informers that terrorized Rome’s political system for decades. Titus put an end to this practice, against himself or anyone else, declaring. It is impossible for me to be insulted or abused in any way. For I do naught that deserves censure, and I care not for what is reported falsely. As for the emperors who are dead and gone, they will avenge themselves in case anyone does them a wrong, if in very truth they are demigods and possess any power. Consequently, no senators were put to death during his reign; he thus kept to his promise that he would assume the office of Pontifex Maximus “for the purpose of keeping his hands unstained “. The informants were publicly punished and banished from the city, and Titus further prevented abuses by introducing legislation that made it unlawful for persons to be tried under different laws for the same offense. As emperor he became known for his generosity, and Suetonius states that upon realising he had brought no benefit to anyone during a whole day he remarked, Friends, I have lost a day. The 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius completely destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum. Today plaster casts of actual victims found during excavations are on display in some of the ruins. Although his administration was marked by a relative absence of major military or political conflicts, Titus faced a number of major disasters during his brief reign. On August 24, 79, barely two months after his accession, Mount Vesuvius erupted , resulting in the almost complete destruction of life and property in the cities and resort communities around the Bay of Naples. The cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum were buried under metres of stone and lava , killing thousands of citizens. Additionally, he visited Pompeii once after the eruption and again the following year. During the second visit, in spring of AD 80, a fire broke out in Rome, burning large parts of the city for three days and three nights. Although the extent of the damage was not as disastrous as during the Great Fire of 64crucially sparing the many districts of insulae Cassius Dio records a long list of important public buildings that were destroyed, including Agrippa’s Pantheon , the Temple of Jupiter , the Diribitorium , parts of Pompey’s Theatre and the Saepta Julia among others. Once again, Titus personally compensated for the damaged regions. According to Suetonius, a plague similarly struck during the fire. The nature of the disease, however, or the death toll are unknown. Meanwhile war had resumed in Britannia , where Gnaeus Julius Agricola pushed further into Caledonia and managed to establish several forts there. As a result of his actions, Titus received the title of Imperator for the fifteenth time. His reign also saw the rebellion led by Terentius Maximus , one of several false Neros who continued to appear throughout the 70s. Although Nero was primarily known as a universally hated tyrant there is evidence that for much of his reign, he remained highly popular in the eastern provinces. Reports that Nero had in fact survived the assassination attempts were fueled by the vague circumstances surrounding his death and several prophecies foretelling his return. According to Cassius Dio, Terentius Maximus resembled Nero in voice and appearance and, like him, sang to the lyre. Terentius established a following in Asia minor but was soon forced to flee beyond the Euphrates , taking refuge with the Parthians. In addition, sources state that Titus discovered that his brother Domitian was plotting against him but refused to have him killed or banished. The Flavian Amphitheatre, better known as the Colosseum, was completed during the reign of Titus and inaugurated with spectacular games that lasted for 100 days. See Inaugural games of the Flavian Amphitheatre. Construction of the Flavian Amphitheatre, presently better known as the Colosseum , was begun in 70 under Vespasian and finally completed in 80 under Titus. In addition to providing spectacular entertainments to the Roman populace, the building was also conceived as a gigantic triumphal monument to commemorate the military achievements of the Flavians during the Jewish wars. The inaugural games lasted for a hundred days and were said to be extremely elaborate, including gladiatorial combat , fights between wild animals (elephants and cranes), mock naval battles for which the theatre was flooded, horse races and chariot races. During the games, wooden balls were dropped into the audience, inscribed with various prizes (clothing , gold , or even slaves), which could then be traded for the designated item. Adjacent to the amphitheatre, within the precinct of Nero’s Golden House , Titus had also ordered the construction of a new public bath-house , which was to bear his name. Construction of this building was hastily finished to coincide with the completion of the Flavian Amphitheatre. Practice of the imperial cult was revived by Titus, though apparently it met with some difficulty as Vespasian was not deified until six months after his death. To further honor and glorify the Flavian dynasty , foundations were laid for what would later become the Temple of Vespasian and Titus , which was finished by Domitian. At the closing of the games, Titus officially dedicated the amphitheatre and the baths, which was to be his final recorded act as an emperor. He set out for the Sabine territories but fell ill at the first posting station where he died of a fever , reportedly in the same farm-house as his father. Allegedly, the last words he uttered before passing away were: “I have made but one mistake”. Titus had ruled the Roman Empire for just over two years, from the death of his father in 79 to his own on September 13 81. He was succeeded by Domitian, whose first act as emperor was to deify his brother. Historians have speculated on the exact nature of his death, and to which mistake Titus alluded in his final words. Philostratus writes that he was poisoned by Domitian with a sea hare , and that his death had been foretold to him by Apollonius of Tyana. Suetonius and Cassius Dio maintain he died of natural causes, but both accuse Domitian of having left the ailing Titus for dead. Consequently, Dio believes Titus’s mistake refers to his failure to have his brother executed when he was found to be openly plotting against him. According to the Babylonian Talmud (Gittin 56b), an insect flew into Titus’s nose and picked at his brain for seven years. He noticed that the sound of a blacksmith hammering caused the ensuing pain to abate, so he paid for blacksmiths to hammer nearby him; however, the effect wore off and the insect resumed its gnawing. When he died, they opened his skull and found the insect had grown to the size of a bird. The Talmud gives this as the cause of his death and interprets it as divine retribution for his wicked actions. Titus’s record among ancient historians stands as one of the most exemplary of any emperor. All the surviving accounts from this period, many of them written by his own contemporaries, present a highly favourable view towards Titus. His character has especially prospered in comparison with that of his brother Domitian. The Wars of the Jews offers a first-hand, eye-witness account on the Jewish rebellion and the character of Titus. The neutrality of Josephus’ writings has come into question however as he was heavily indebted to the Flavians. In 71, he arrived in Rome in the entourage of Titus, became a Roman citizen and took on the Roman nomen Flavius and praenomen Titus from his patrons. He received an annual pension and lived in the palace. It was while in Rome, and under Flavian patronage , that Josephus wrote all of his known works. The War of the Jews is heavily slanted against the leaders of the revolt, portraying the rebellion as weak and unorganized, and even blaming the Jews for causing the war. The credibility of Josephus as a historian has subsequently come under fire. Another contemporary of Titus was Publius Cornelius Tacitus , who started his public career in 80 or 81 and credits the Flavian dynasty with his elevation. The Histories his account of this periodwas published during the reign of Trajan. Unfortunately only the first five books from this work have survived until the present day, with the text on Titus’s and Domitian’s reign entirely lost. Suetonius Tranquilius gives a short but highly favourable account on Titus’s reign in The Lives of Twelve Caesars , emphasizing his military achievements and his generosity as Emperor, in short describing him as follows. Titus, of the same surname as his father, was the delight and darling of the human race; such surpassing ability had he, by nature, art, or good fortune, to win the affections of all men, and that, too, which is no easy task, while he was emperor. Finally, Cassius Dio wrote his Roman History over a hundred years after the death of Titus. He shares a similar outlook as Suetonius, possibly even using the latter as a source, but is more reserved, noting. His satisfactory record may also have been due to the fact that he survived his accession but a very short time, for he was thus given no opportunity for wrongdoing. For he lived after this only two years, two months and twenty days in addition to the thirty-nine years, five months and twenty-five days he had already lived at that time. In this respect, indeed, he is regarded as having equalled the long reign of Augustus , since it is maintained that Augustus would never have been loved had he lived a shorter time, nor Titus had he lived longer. For Augustus, though at the outset he showed himself rather harsh because of the wars and the factional strife, was later able, in the course of time, to achieve a brilliant reputation for his kindly deeds; Titus, on the other hand, ruled with mildness and died at the height of his glory, whereas, if he had lived a long time, it might have been shown that he owes his present fame more to good fortune than to merit. Pliny the Elder , who later died during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, dedicated his Naturalis Historia to Titus. In contrast to the ideal portrayal of Titus in Roman histories, in Jewish memory “Titus the Wicked” is remembered as an evil oppressor and destroyer of the Temple. For example, one legend in the Babylonian Talmud describes Titus as having had sex with a whore on a Torah scroll inside the Temple during its destruction. Titus in later arts. The Triumph of Titus , by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1885). The composition suggests a love affair between Titus and Domitian’s wife Domitia Longina (see below). The war in Judaea and the life of Titus, particularly his relationship with Berenice, have inspired writers and artists through the centuries. The bas-relief in the Arch of Titus has been influential in the depiction of the destruction of Jerusalem , with the Menorah frequently being used to symbolise the looting of the Second Temple. Bérénice , a play by Jean Racine (1670) which focuses on the love affair between Titus and Berenice. Tite et Bérénice , a play by Pierre Corneille which was in competition with Racine the same year, and concerns the same subject matter. La clemenza di Tito , an opera by Mozart , about a fictional romance between Emperor Titus and Vitellia, daughter of Vitellius. The Josephus Trilogy , novels by Lion Feuchtwanger , about the life of Flavius Josephus and his relation with the Flavian dynasty. Der jüdische Krieg (Josephus), 1932. Die Söhne (The Jews of Rome), 1935. Der Tag wird kommen (The day will come , Josephus and the Emperor), 1942. The Marcus Didius Falco novels, which take place during the reign of Vespasian. The Roman Mysteries , a series of children’s books which take place during the reign of Titus. The High School Latin textbook series Ecce Romani takes place during the reign of Titus. The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus by Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1846). Oil on canvas, 585 x 705 cm. An allegorical depiction of the destruction of Jerusalem , dramatically centered around the figure of Titus. The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem Nicolas Poussin (1637). Oil on canvas, 147 x 198,5 cm. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army led by Titus. The Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem by Francesco Hayez (1867). Oil on canvas, 183 x 252 cm. Galleria d’Arte Moderna, Venice. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army. The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A. 70 by David Roberts (1850). Oil on canvas, 136 x 197 cm. Depicts the burning and looting of Jerusalem by the Roman army under Titus. The Triumph of Titus and Vespasian by Giulio Romano (1540). Oil on wood, 170 x 120 cm. Depicts Titus and Vespasian as they ride into Rome on a triumphal chariot, preceded by a parade carrying spoils from the war in Judaea. The painting anachronistically features the Arch of Titus, which was not completed until the reign of Domitian. The Triumph of Titus by Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1885). This painting depicts the triumphal procession of Titus and his family. Alma-Tadema was known for his meticulous historical research on the ancient world. Vespasian, dressed as Pontifex Maximus , walks at the head of his family, followed by Domitian and his first wife Domitia Longina , who he had only recently married. Behind Domitian follows Titus, dressed in religious regalia. Ilya Zlobin, world-renowned expert numismatist, enthusiast, author and dealer in authentic ancient Greek, ancient Roman, ancient Byzantine, world coins & more. Ilya Zlobin is an independent individual who has a passion for coin collecting, research and understanding the importance of the historical context and significance all coins and objects represent. Send me a message about this and I can update your invoice should you want this method. Getting your order to you, quickly and securely is a top priority and is taken seriously here. Great care is taken in packaging and mailing every item securely and quickly. What is a certificate of authenticity and what guarantees do you give that the item is authentic? You will be very happy with what you get with the COA; a professional presentation of the coin, with all of the relevant information and a picture of the coin you saw in the listing. Additionally, the coin is inside it’s own protective coin flip (holder), with a 2×2 inch description of the coin matching the individual number on the COA. Whether your goal is to collect or give the item as a gift, coins presented like this could be more prized and valued higher than items that were not given such care and attention to. Is there a number I can call you with questions about my order? When should I leave feedback? Please don’t leave any negative feedbacks, as it happens sometimes that people rush to leave feedback before letting sufficient time for their order to arrive. The matter of fact is that any issues can be resolved, as reputation is most important to me. My goal is to provide superior products and quality of service. How and where do I learn more about collecting ancient coins? Visit the “Guide on How to Use My Store” for on an overview about using my store, with additional information and links to all other parts of my store which may include educational information on topics you are looking for. You may also want to do a YouTube search for the term “ancient coin collecting” for educational videos on this topic. The item “TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883″ is in sale since Sunday, March 05, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)”. The seller is “highrating_lowprice” and is located in Rego Park, New York. This item can be shipped worldwide.
  • Ruler: Titus
  • Certification: NGC
  • Composition: Silver
  • Material: Silver
  • Coin Type: Ancient Roman
  • Grade: VG
  • Certification Number: 4375823-141
  • Denomination: Denarius
  • Culture: Roman
  • Type: Denarius

TITUS Genuine 80AD Rome ELEPHANT Authentic Ancient Silver Roman Coin NGC i59883

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June 1, 2017 · 7:20 pm

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU
JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU
[6505] Julius Caesar – Roman General, Politician, Hero & Dictator Silver Denarius 17mm (3.98 grams) Military mint in Italy, circa 49 B. Reference: RSC 49j B. 443/1 Certification: NGC Ancients AU Strike: 4/5 Surface: 5/5 4371773-007 Elephant walking right, trampling on serpent, CAESAR in exergue. Sacrificial implements, simpulum, sprinkler, axe and priest’s hat. The obverse type may symbolize victory over evil, whereas the reverse refers to Caesar’s office of Pontifex Maximus. Provided with certificate of authenticity. CERTIFIED AUTHENTIC by Sergey Nechayev, PhD – Numismatic Expert. Symbolism of the Elephant. The representation of this animal frequently occurs on Roman coins. The head, and sometimes the proboscis only, on an Elephant is a symbol of Africa. An Elephant trampling on a serpent with it’s fore feet, is the well-known type on the denarius of Julius Caesar. But it has given rise from it’s name in that region; the animal being called in the Punic language Caesar, this name became appropriated to the family. “But” says Echhel vi. 5 and 6, in noticing these conflicting opinions prior to this grandfather of Julius, we find in Livy the cognomen of Caesar. Now, if that be true, which is stated by Constantinus Manasses, that’elephants are called Caesares by the Phoenicians,’ and which, as we have just observed, is confirmed by Servius and Spartian, the present elephant would be an allusion to the name; as, moreover, it is represented as trampling on a serpent, with which reptile, according to Pliny, the elephant is at perpetual feud; and as it is established by Artemidorus, that the elephant in Italy denotes a lord, a king, or a man in high authority; we shall then recognize a type flattering to the ambition of Caesar, and by which he was desirous to intimate his victory over the barbarians, and all who were envious of his glory. Whatever may be the decision on this point, the type may be considered as a presage of future dominion. For the elephant, independently of its uses in war and amphitheatre, was an undoubted symbol of honor or of arrogance. According to Suetonius In Nerone, chap. Domitius, the ancestor of Nero, after his victory, during his consulate, over the Allobroges, was carried through the province on an elephant, preceded by a large body of troops, as in the solemnity of a triumph. Julius Caesar himself, when his military toils were over, ascended the Capitol, lighted by forty elephants, bearing torches, on either side of him. Lastly, there was no special use for elephants, except to draw the imperial thensae at funerals, or the chariots of the Caesars, either in a triumph, or in their consular processions. Elephants are represented on coins as an emblem of Eternity, it has been among the vulgar errors of the ancients to believe that those stupendous creatures lived two or even three hundred years. It was, however, on the known longevity of the elephant (exceeding, as Pliny, quoting Aristotle, says, that of all other animals), that they were employed in the funeral processions of emperors and empresses, on the occasion of their apotheosis. Gaius Julius Caesar (13 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman military and political leader. He played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. As a politician, Caesar made use of popularist tactics. During the late 60s and into the 50s BC, he formed political alliances that led to the so-called First Triumvirate, an extra-legal arrangement with Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their factional attempts to amass power for themselves were opposed within the Roman Senate by the optimates, among them Marcus Porcius Cato and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, with the sometime support of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Caesar’s conquest of Gaul extended the Roman world to the North Sea, and in 55 BC he also conducted the first Roman invasion of Britain. These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey’s, while the death of Crassus contributed to increasing political tensions between the two triumviral survivors. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a stand-off between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. With the order that sent his legions across the Rubicon, Caesar began a civil war in 49 BC from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world. After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed “dictator in perpetuity” (dictator perpetuo). A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, hoping to restore the normal running of the Republic. However, the result was another Roman civil war, which ultimately led to the establishment of a permanent autocracy by Caesar’s adopted heir, Gaius Octavianus. In 42 BC, two years after his assassination, the Senate officially sanctified Caesar as one of the Roman deities. Much of Caesar’s life is known from his own Commentaries (Commentarii) on his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources such as the letters and speeches of his political rival Cicero, the historical writings of Sallust, and the poetry of Catullus. Many more details of his life are recorded by later historians, such as Appian, Suetonius, Plutarch, Cassius Dio and Strabo. The item “JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU” is in sale since Wednesday, March 22, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Republic (300 BC-27 BC)”. The seller is “victoram” and is located in Forest Hills, New York. This item can be shipped worldwide.
  • Composition: Silver
  • Culture: Roman
  • Material: Silver
  • Certification: NGC
  • Denomination: Denarius
  • Certification Number: 4371773-007
  • Grade: AU

JULIUS CAESAR 49BC Elephant Serpent Authentic Ancient SILVER Roman Coin NGC AU

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February 9, 2017 · 5:49 pm

Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar-49 BC

Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar-49 BC
Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar-49 BC

Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar-49 BC
Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar-49 BC , , 3,90 grames , Which has a small hole. The item “Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar-49 BC” is in sale since Monday, February 06, 2017. This item is in the category “Coins & Paper Money\Coins\ Ancient\Roman\ Imperial (27 BC-476 AD)”. The seller is “numis-cbs” and is located in Casa de Torremachuelo. This item can be shipped worldwide.
Ancient Roman Silver Elephant Denarius Coin of Julius Caesar-49 BC

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